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the hydrogen and the oxygen levels are

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staying in their replenish boat this was

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the matter of their amazing a space

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shuttle it was also the year of a

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picture-taking unmanned Voyager to

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Saturn and in aeronautics it was the

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year to begin major flight tests of

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as astronauts John Young and Robert

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Crippen headed for the launch pad they

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represented more than being the pilots

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of this country's first space shuttle

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flight they represented years of hard

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work by thousands of people and

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businesses both large and small what's

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the Columbia's maiden flight was brief

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cost fifty four and a half hours

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thirty-six orbits we return to Earth but

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it signaled the beginning of a reusable

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astronauts Joanne go and get food clue

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columbia into space again while an

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imaging radar system mapped the stamp

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earth the crew made a critical test of a

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canadian developed mechanical arm giving

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you list to post payloads into and out

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of orbit on future flights even though

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the second mission is shortened from

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five days to two days because of a fuel

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cell problem the crew managed to carry

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as Columbia landed the second time the

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circle was complete a new generation of

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space travel had begun looking ahead to

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1983 and beyond NASA's Marshall Space

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Flight Center began training space lab

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crews when placed inside the cargo bay

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of the shuttle orbiter Space Lab

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converts the shuttle into a research

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center that will be used by scientists

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from around the world planned our

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experiments in communications and

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weather forecasting crop surveys

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manufacturing astronomy and life

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sciences a mobile workstation a concept

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developed by NASA's Langley Research

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Center was tested underwater at

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marshalls neutral buoyancy facility the

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mobile workstation may be used by future

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astronauts to construct large platforms

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or antennas in Earth orbit it allows a

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pair of pressure suited astronauts to

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move horizontally and vertically and

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build systems that are too large or

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complex to fold up and transport aboard

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the shuttle as Columbia took its place

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in the history books a small unmanned

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spacecraft voyager 2 made its mark a

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billion miles from Earth voyager 2

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approached and passed by the planet

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Saturn and its 17 fascinating moans

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taking thousands of pictures and making

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detailed scientific measurements as it

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went

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those music like sounds occurred as tiny

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particles hit and bounced off Voyager

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tues plasma wave detector antenna

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Saturn's vast ring system is made up of

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many small particles that orbit the huge

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planet in wave-like patterns one

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instrument on board Voyager 2 actually

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measured the thickness of Saturn's rings

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and found that the edge of the main ring

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system is remarkably thin less than 500

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feet thick its atmosphere is dominated

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by a strong equatorial jet stream that

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blows eastward at 1,200 miles per hour

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those storm systems are something like

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hurricanes here on earth and other means

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by which the internal heat energy of

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Saturn may feed the high-speed jet

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streams themselves as Voyager swept by

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it detected hot gases surrounding Saturn

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that are 600 million 2 1,000,000,000

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degrees Fahrenheit the hottest gases

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ever observed in the solar system for

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the Voyager team's years of analysis lie

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ahead in the meantime the small

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spacecraft will be watched and guided

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toward its rendezvous with the planet

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Uranus in 1986 and Neptune in 1989

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preparations continued at NASA's Jet

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Propulsion Laboratory and in the

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Netherlands to make ready iris the

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infrared astronomy satella now scheduled

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for launch in 1982 iris will make a

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comprehensive survey of the entire sky

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mapping possibly a million

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for rent sources many previously unknown

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the results are important because most

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infrared light from the stars and other

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cosmic sources is blocked out by the

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Earth's atmosphere scientists have been

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studying the planet Venus for years and

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a large number of them recently met in

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an international conference to compare

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their new findings apparently there are

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two major volcanic regions on the thick

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crusted Venus that serve as escape

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valves for the planets seething internal

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heat Venus clouds are upside down and

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are made up of a smog layer and a layer

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of sulfuric acid droplets that produce

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drizzle but seldom hard rain during its

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early history Venus may have been

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earth-like with cooler temperatures and

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an ocean when the Space Telescope is

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launched and begins operating in 1985 it

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will send electronic data to a newly

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established Space Telescope Science

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Institute at Johns Hopkins University

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the Space Telescope will provide

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astronomers with 24-hour views of the

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sky of unprecedented clarity this

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specially outfitted c-141 the kuiper

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airborne observatory is operated by

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NASA's Ames Research Center in

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California the kuiper Observatory

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routinely takes astronomers and their

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instruments to altitudes above most of

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the Earth's distorting atmosphere from

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there they can examine distant galaxies

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and study their vast energy some of

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NASA's high-flying picture takers look

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down rather than up down at the earth

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that is

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the high-altitude u2 aircraft is a good

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example in addition to aerial mapping

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cameras these planes carry air sampling

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devices to study the protective ozone

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layer in our atmosphere they are also

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helping to locate new water sources

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assess flood damage and fight forest

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fires to Landsat satellites continue to

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orbit the Earth 14 times a day from

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their 570 mile high vantage point they

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return images like these taken over rich

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California farmlands telltale red images

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indicate vigorous vegetation growth the

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state of California is using Landsat

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imagery to inventory and map its

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irrigated cropland not all of NASA's

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research has application to airplanes or

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spacecraft sometimes that situation is

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reversed on a little-used runway within

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sight of where the space shuttle

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Columbia already landed twice engineers

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are studying how to make tractor

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trailers and weekend motorhomes more

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fuel efficient using known aerodynamic

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techniques the corners and underbody of

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this van were rounded result seventy

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percent lower drag with a 30-percent

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fuel savings just by reducing the air

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resistance as the van traveled along

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these encouraging results may help

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change the shape of many vehicles in the

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future this car can be driven thousands

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of miles without ever moving only the

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wheels spin to simulate driving it is

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part of a program that the Jet

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Propulsion Laboratory has been involved

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in for the Department of Energy since

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the late 1970s the research is aimed at

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making electric powered cars competitive

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with those we now use for our regular

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shopping or commuting around town

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much of the activity this past year

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focused on finding batteries that will

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last longer and have an operating range

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of 75 to 100 miles per day since May

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residents of the Pacific Northwest have

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been receiving some of their electricity

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from an old power source gathered here

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at good no Hills Washington by the

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largest wind turbines in the world 350

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feet tall with blades the length of a

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football field the three

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computer-controlled turbines represent

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the first wind farm a cluster of wind

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generators working together to act as a

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single power source built as part of the

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Department of Energy's federal wind

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energy program the trio of wind turbines

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are managed by the Lewis Research Center

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and provides seven and a half million

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watts of electricity to the Bonneville

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Power Administration enough to power

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nearly 2,000 of the area's homes NASA

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launch satellites for a variety of users

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including a new comstar communication

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satellite for the COMSAT general

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corporation also launched was the second

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in a series of improved weather

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satellites those five for the National

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Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

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in aeronautics the NASA Army xB 15

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children an experimental vertical

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takeoff and landing aircraft completed

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proof-of-concept flight tests at the

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Ames Research Center a pair of 25-foot

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propellers mounted on engines at each

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wingtip enabled the tiltrotor to take

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off and land like a helicopter once in

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the air the engines are rotated forward

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and the XV 15 becomes an airplane

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capable of flying at speeds up to 350

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miles per hour

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a tilt rotor speed and comfort would

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make it an ideal intercity transport it

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could also be the most economical way to

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serve as oil rigs more than a hundred

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miles from shore and because of its

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speed and endurance the tiltrotor could

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be used to carry out long-range rescue

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operations searching for three and a

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half hours then flying survivors to a

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hospital 200 miles away another plane

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the quiet short-haul research aircraft

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or q s ra performs exceptionally well in

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short takeoff and landing operations by

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directing its own exhaust over the

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plains upper wing the q sra is able to

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improve its short takeoff and landing

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performance the cue sras simple but

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versatile systems permit a wide variety

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of flight investigations that are

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providing important data to the american

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aerospace industry following a hard

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landing from 12 feet it was decided not

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to repair the x 14 be vertical takeoff

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and landing airplane the X 14 B is

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really a very sophisticated electronic

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flying simulator and has been used as a

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research tool it aims for the past 20

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years the largest wind tunnel in the

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world with a test section of 40 x 80

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feet is being made even larger six new

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twenty two thousand five hundred horse

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powered drive motors are shown here

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being installed in the Ames facility

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when complete the improvements will add

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an 80 x 120 foot Test section capable of

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handling full-scale aircraft with

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engines running it will also increase

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the air flow in the existing 40 x 80

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foot test section by 115 miles per hour

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this busy wind tunnel has been operating

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although this prototype propeller will

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never help pull an airplane through the

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air it may very well be the forerunner

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of ones that may attend bladed high

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speed turboprop was tested in a wind

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tunnel at the Lewis Research Center in

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the quiet fuel-efficient propellers were

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also flight tested at the Dryden

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facility in California from the

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to the flyby of the planet Saturn 1981

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was a busy and productive year for NASA

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this special report brought to you by